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全臂丛根性撕脱伤的治疗-疾病治疗
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云南(中德)骨科医院 > 创伤科 > 四肢重建 > 疾病治疗 > 全臂丛根性撕脱伤的治疗

全臂丛根性撕脱伤的治疗

阅读:2403次 来源:未知 咨询专家
导读:全臂丛根性撕脱伤是外科临床的难题,治疗方法少、时间长、疗效较差,目前尚不能实现手内在肌功能恢复。1995年Doi提出了早期游离肌肉移植(背阔

全臂丛根性撕脱伤是外科临床的难题,治疗方法少、时间长、疗效较差,目前尚不能实现手内在肌功能恢复。1995年Doi提出了早期游离肌肉移植(背阔肌、股直肌、股薄肌)重建上肢部分功能的思路与方法(分二期重建屈肘、伸指或屈指功能),突破了原先只在神经修复失败后(一般在伤后2-5年)才行肌肉移植重建功能的治疗原则。1997年Doi报道15例分别于术后6-8个月出现移植肌肉随意收缩,屈肘肌力术后2年达M3-M5(Highet法),有9例可用重建手抓握物品,达到了初步的“手握持”功能。全臂丛根性撕脱伤了怎么办?怎么做恢复快?

专家根据多组神经移位修复和Doi肌肉移植功能重建的优点,提出在应用神经 移位修复肩外展、伸肘及手部感觉等疗效较好的。同时,联合早期双重股薄肌移植治疗全臂丛根性撕脱伤,重建屈肘、拇屈伸和指屈伸的手外在肌以解决手握持功能问题。

包括:

①一期膈神经移位修复肩胛上神经以恢复肩外展。

②一 期对侧股薄肌移植(与副神经斜方肌支缝接重建屈肘、伸拇、伸指。

③二-期同侧股薄肌移植(与4、5、6肋间神经运动支缝接)重建屈拇、屈指。

④第3肋间神经运动支移位修复桡神经肱三头肌肌支恢复伸肘。

⑤第3、4、5、6肋间神经感觉支移位修复正中神经外侧根以恢复手部感觉。

⑥掌指关节功能位融合术等。

1. 一期手术方法常规臂丛探查切口入路, 一般分离颈外静脉、颈横动脉作为移植股薄肌的吻接静、动脉,分离副神经斜方肌支作为动力神经。分离膈神经,将其移位与肩胛上神经缝接以重建肩外展;膈神经已损伤或另有他用时,用健侧C7移植的腓肠神经作为动力神经。手术治疗全臂丛根性撕脱伤好吗?

以对侧耻骨结节至胫骨内侧髁后缘连线作为前缘线,于其上2/3部设计梭形股薄肌肌皮瓣[(15-18cm)X(5-6cm)]。先切开上段皮瓣前缘线,经股薄肌与长收肌间隙确定支配股薄肌的主要血管蒂及闭孔神经前支人肌点,一般在耻骨 结节下8-12cm处。游离长收肌肌腹(不切断肌腹),逆行游离血管蒂至股深血管或旋股内侧血管起始部,长度6-10cm,游离闭孔神经前支8-12cm。依次解剖、分离股薄肌肌腹和肌腱,保留肌腹外筋膜与腱周组织。股薄肌全长男性为40-42cm,女性为38cm。切断起止点与神经、血管蒂完成股薄肌肌皮瓣切取。

将股薄肌肌皮瓣顺向放置于肩-上臂-肘前外- 前臂中1/3背侧,前臂伸直旋前位时呈直线状,起点缝合固定于肩峰或锁骨外段骨膜。将股薄肌肌腹下半及肌腱经肘平面肱桡肌及桡侧腕伸肌起始部肌下隧道、前臂皮下隧道引至前臂背侧切口。上肢屈肘90°,伸腕伸指位调整股薄肌张力,与拇长伸肌腱、伸指总肌腱编织缝合。显微镜下无张力缝合闭孔神经前支一副神经斜方肌支、肌皮瓣动脉一颈横动脉、肌皮瓣静脉一颈外静脉。患肢肩前屈内收、屈肘90°,伸拇伸指、腕功能位,头一 胸一上肢石膏固定。

2、二期手术方法

取腋中线切口入路,于肋间肌表面识别肋间神经外侧皮支并向后游离至肋 间神经主干,向前游离运动支至腋前线与锁骨中 线之间,共分离3、4、5、6四条肋间神经,长度各达10-12cm。腋中线切口向上向外呈Y形延长,分离显露正中神经外侧根、桡神经肱三头肌肌支并于近肩侧切断。将第3肋间神经运动支与肱三头肌肌支吻合。第3、4、5、6肋间神经感觉支与正中神经外侧根吻合。

切取同侧股薄肌肌皮瓣,将其顺向放置于腋-上臂内侧-肘内侧-前臂掌侧,呈直线状,上端固定 缝合于第2或第3肋。闭孔神经前支与第4、5、6 肋间神经运动支无张力吻合;肌皮瓣动脉与肱动 脉端侧吻合,静脉与肱深静脉(二条时)或一皮下静脉端端吻合。将股薄肌肌腱经皮下隧道引至前臂掌侧中下段切口,屈肘45°、屈腕屈指位调整股薄肌张力,与拇长屈肌腱、指深屈肌腱编织缝合。患肢肩前屈内收、屈肘90°位胸-上肢石膏外固定。

目前,很多医院也采用胸腔镜下超长切取膈神经,作为动力神经与移植股薄肌的神经缝接以重建屈拇、屈指功能。此时肌皮瓣可向上肢远侧放置,上端固定缝合于上臂内侧肌间隔,可提高屈拇、屈指力量。

3.术后处理要点

(1)石膏外固定4-6周。

(2)使用扩血管药物,观察肌皮瓣血循环,及时处理血管危象(缺血不能超过4-6h)。

(3)促进神经再生药物,如免疫抑制剂FK506。

(4)康复训练:术后4-6周开始被动伸屈肘关节、手部关节等,术后3-5个月鼓励患者努力随意收缩肌肉,术后6-8个月肌力>M2时,行抗重力、抗阻力肌肉收缩训练和作业疗法。

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